A novel bioactive peptide, mitochondrial‐derived peptide (MOTS‐c), has recently attracted attention as a potential prevention or therapeutic option for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MOTS‐c profiles have not yet been reported in human obesity and T2DM. We aimed to determine circulating MOTS‐c levels in obesity and explore the association between MOTS‐c levels and various metabolic parameters.

In this case‐control study, 40 obese children and adolescents (27 males) and 57 controls (40 males) were recruited in the Hubei Province of China in 2017. Circulating MOTS‐c levels were measured, clinical data (eg, glucose, insulin, and lipid profile) were recorded, and anthropometric measurements were performed. Finally, we investigated correlations between MOTS‐c levels and related variables.

MOTS‐c levels were significantly decreased in the obese group compared with the control group (472.61 ±22.83 vs 561.64 ±19.19 ng/mL, P <.01). After classification by sex, MOTS‐c levels were significantly decreased in obese male children and adolescents compared to their counterparts (465.26 ±24.53 vs 584.07 ±21.18 ng/mL, P <.001), while they were comparable between the obese and healthy female subjects (487.89 ±49.77 vs 508.85 ±38.76 ng/mL, P >.05). Further, MOTS‐c levels were negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), BMI SD score, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, fasting insulin level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the male cohort.

Circulating MOTS‐c levels were decreased in obese male children and adolescents and correlated with markers of insulin resistance and obesity.